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Thursday, June 13, 2024

Musashi Miyamoto – Kinsei, and Sensei Clifford “Chick” Moody

I first encountered the writing of Musashi when I was eighteen years old.

A friend of mine knew that I wanted to become a “super-hero,” and on the I went to a dojo at the intersection of Selby Avenue and Chatsworth in Saint Paul: the Inner Truth School of Self Defense.

I introduced myself to the Sensei, Clifford “Chick” Moody, a white haired gnarly old man, and he asked me what I was doing there.

“I am following the advice of my friend,” I told him, “I want to learn strategy and self-defense.”

My words came out a bit formal and canned (which they were, Mark suggested that I use those words), they sounded a bit theatrical and grandiose, but it worked on the ancient and grizzly, tough looking Sensei Moody.

His demeanor visibly changed; I think in that moment he decided he could take me seriously (I don’t know how long that lasted).

While the rest of his students continued with their warm-up, he had two of his black belts come to the place where I sat; he instructed them to work through a series of blocks and strikes and falls, to give me an idea of what I could expect the course of training would be…if I were to begin my studies at the way place.

At the end of the demonstration Sensei gave me a piece of free advice; he told me to read two books from two authors, On War, by Carl von Clausewitz; and The Go Rin No Sho (Book of Five Rings) by Musashi Miyamoto.

For the next three years I trained at the dojo: three hours a day, five days a week, with one-on-one training after regular sessions ended on Sundays, where I practiced knife and hatchet throwing, blow-gun and other projectiles.

Sensei Moody was a sixth dan. He held black belts and weapons proficiencies in dozens of styles. He taught his own system, which he called Muashi, Way of the Wind, but its roots were in Okinawan Karate, the hard forms of Goju Ru and Goju Kiyokai, and he taught Ninjitsu.

Sensei Moody’s teachers were among those men who brought Japanese martial arts to the United States: Ron Duncan Jr. and Peter Irving, they were children of American servicemen who grew up in Japan after World War II and learned the deep knowledge straight from the source.

There were days when Sensei would have us sit in sanchin while he read from Musashi. It was then that I discovered the greatest practitioner of martial discipline and combat strategy the world has ever known…

…Musashi Miyamoto, Kinsei (Saint of the Sword).

Musashi, Self Portrait c. 1640 ce                   

Sunday, June 9, 2024

A Homily – The Tenth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year B)

First Reading – Genesis 3:9-15 ©

Responsorial Psalm – Psalm 129(130)

Second Reading – 2 Corinthians 4:13-5:1 ©

Gospel Acclamation – John 14:23

Alternative Acclamation – John 12:31,32

The Gospel According to Mark 3:20-35 ©

 

(NJB)

 

Listen!

 The reading for today from the Book of Genesis is merely an etiological myth concerning the origin, purpose and meaning of the rainbow…it has nothing to do with reality.

 Floods and other natural disasters happen, not because call wills them or causes them to occur. God did not destroy the world with a flood; God does not intervene in the world in that way.

 The authors of this mythology were addressing the origins and fallout of a major regional disaster, not one that they experienced themselves, but the memory of one (likely more than one) that had undergone significant mythologization before them. They coopted this narrative and used it to express the hope that such an event will never occur again.

 Know this.

 God, the creator of the universe, is patient, loving and kind.

 God’s spirit is the spirit of mercy; if you are looking for justice in the world, you will find it mercy.

 Learn from God; emulate God’s spirit. Through patience, love and kindness you will manifest the spirit of God’s mercy within you…follow it and you will be on the way.

 Consider the writing of the apostle, there is wisdom here, and folly as well…therefore be mindful.

 God provides for all of God’s children; God has prepared a home for everyone in paradise. Trust in God’s plan, this is the essence of faith.

 It is reasonable to expect that the strength of our faith will wax and wane, wax and wane again, like the moon rising and falling in circuit.

 Do not be concerned, God has accounted for this, and the end for which you have been prepared is not meted out according to the measure of faith a person possesses, or their relative lack of it.

 Know this.

 Grace is not transactional, and God is always with you.

 Remember.

 Jesus was not killed for the “glory” of God, or to fulfill some divine purpose; he was killed to suit the vanity of small-minded men. His death was a political murder; any suggestion otherwise undermines the truth.

 Every single one of God’s children (which is every one of us), all people, in all time, in all places is the subject of God’s love and mercy; no-one is left out of the divine plan; any suggestion otherwise diminishes the good news.

 God does not intervene in human affairs like Zeus, or Jupiter or Jove. God is not the Thunderer, neither is God a king; such attestations are a disservice to the faith.

 God comes as a friend, a sister, a brother, a parent; God comes to us as a stranger, we find God among the meek and the marginalized, the poor and the hungry and the outcast.

 Know this.

 There is no power in this world other than God. The Gospel writers penned a lie when they wrote about the “prince” of this world. There are no principalities or powers active in the world that are not made by human beings, for human purposes, as institutions of power and control.

 God has no enemy, and the only enmity we face is the enmity we engender in our own hearts, to our own detriment.

 Consider the Gospel reading for today.

 It purports to answer a question concerning the authority of Jesus to cast out demons and devils.

 Set aside for a moment that we do not live in a world populated by demons and devils. We live in God’s creation, a world that is wholly ordered to God, by God and for God’s purpose.

 The Gospel reports that Jesus had been engaged in his ministry and “casting out demons,” but what he was really doing was caring for the sick, and his opponents wanted to downplay his work by suggesting that his successful healings, indicated he was in league with the devil.

 The gospel writers answered this with an argument that did little to challenge the claims of Jesus’ opponents. The argument they put in Jesus’ mouth is not conclusive, in fact they leave his claims exposed to counter-argument. It seems that they are not directing and argument to the critics Jesus faced in his own day, but rather toward own opponents in the period of the early church. In fact, they are not actually engaged in an argument, rather, they are making a call for unity on the grounds of authority, not reason or rationality.

 Ultimately, the Gospel writers undermine the Jesus’ teaching, they water down the good news. They outline what they perceive to be the upper limits of God’s love and mercy, threatening anyone who would challenge the authority church, with eternal damnation.

 This is not the way.

 The Gospel writers teach that God will forgive all sins, all blasphemies, except one, a blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, which the leaders of the church claims resides with them…which is itself blasphemy. The Gospel writers call for the unity of the church, over and against the unity of the family, and this is the final tell that they had strayed from the way.

 

First Reading – Genesis 3:9-15 ©

'I Was Afraid Because I Was Naked, and I Hid'

The Lord God called to the man after he had eaten of the tree. ‘Where are you?’ he asked. ‘I heard the sound of you in the garden;’ he replied ‘I was afraid because I was naked, so I hid.’ ‘Who told you that you were naked?’ he asked ‘Have you been eating of the tree I forbade you to eat?’ The man replied, ‘It was the woman you put with me; she gave me the fruit, and I ate it.’ Then the Lord God asked the woman, ‘What is this you have done?’ The woman replied, ‘The serpent tempted me and I ate.’

  Then the Lord God said to the serpent, ‘Because you have done this, ‘Be accursed beyond all cattle, all wild beasts.

You shall crawl on your belly and eat dust every day of your life.

I will make you enemies of each other: you and the woman, your offspring and her offspring.

It will crush your head and you will strike its heel.’

 

Responsorial Psalm – Psalm 129(130)

Out of the Depths

From the Morning Watch Even Until Night My Soul is Longing For the Lord.

Out of the depths I have cried to you, Lord:

  Lord, hear my voice.

Let your ears listen out

  for the voice of my pleading.

If you took notice of our transgressions, Lord –

  Lord, who would be left?

But with you is forgiveness,

  and for this we revere you.

I rely on you, Lord,

  my spirit relies on your promise;

my soul hopes in the Lord,

  more than the watchman for daybreak.

More than the watchman for daybreak,

  let Israel hope in the Lord:

for with the Lord there is kindness

  and abundant redemption.

He himself will redeem Israel

  from all its transgressions.

 

Second Reading – 2 Corinthians 4:13-5:1 ©

We Are Being Trained to Carry the Weight of Eternal Glory

As we have the same spirit of faith that is mentioned in scripture – I believed, and therefore I spoke – we too believe and therefore we too speak, knowing that he who raised the Lord Jesus to life will raise us with Jesus in our turn, and put us by his side and you with us. You see, all this is for your benefit, so that the more grace is multiplied among people, the more thanksgiving there will be, to the glory of God.

  That is why there is no weakening on our part, and instead, though this outer man of ours may be falling into decay, the inner man is renewed day by day. Yes, the troubles which are soon over, though they weigh little, train us for the carrying of a weight of eternal glory which is out of all proportion to them. And so we have no eyes for things that are visible, but only for things that are invisible; for visible things last only for a time, and the invisible things are eternal.

  For we know that when the tent that we live in on earth is folded up, there is a house built by God for us, an everlasting home not made by human hands, in the heavens.

 

Gospel Acclamation – John 14:23

Alleluia, alleluia!

If anyone loves me he will keep my word, and my Father will love him, and we shall come to him.

Alleluia!

 

Alternative Acclamation – John 12:31,32

Alleluia, alleluia!

Now the prince of this world is to be overthrown, says the Lord.

And when I am lifted up from the earth, I shall draw all men to myself.

Alleluia!

 

The Gospel According to Mark 3:20-35 ©

A Kingdom Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand

Jesus went home with his disciples, and such a crowd collected that they could not even have a meal. When his relatives heard of this, they set out to take charge of him, convinced he was out of his mind.

The scribes who had come down from Jerusalem were saying, ‘Beelzebul is in him’ and, ‘It is through the prince of devils that he casts devils out.’ So he called them to him and spoke to them in parables, ‘How can Satan cast out Satan? If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot last. And if a household is divided against itself, that household can never stand. Now if Satan has rebelled against himself and is divided, he cannot stand either – it is the end of him. But no one can make his way into a strong man’s house and burgle his property unless he has tied up the strong man first. Only then can he burgle his house.

‘I tell you solemnly, all men’s sins will be forgiven, and all their blasphemies; but let anyone blaspheme against the Holy Spirit and he will never have forgiveness: he is guilty of an eternal sin.’ This was because they were saying, ‘An unclean spirit is in him.’

His mother and brothers now arrived and, standing outside, sent in a message asking for him. A crowd was sitting round him at the time the message was passed to him, ‘Your mother and brothers and sisters are outside asking for you.’ He replied, ‘Who are my mother and my brothers?’ And looking round at those sitting in a circle about him, he said, ‘Here are my mother and my brothers. Anyone who does the will of God, that person is my brother and sister and mother.’

 

A Homily – The Tenth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year B)



The Patron Saint of Poets - Saint Columba…Columban…Columbanus…Colmcille, father of Cummain

Saint Columba…Columban…Columbanus…Colmcille, he was from a noble family, from the Ulster kingdom of Dál Riata, he was the abbot of Iona, he is the patron saint of poets; and of Derry, the Irish call him Colmcille.

What we know of his life has been magnified by myth. This aggrandizement did not happen merely because the Irish love to boast. Through the aegis of church propaganda his story was augmented by fantastical accounts in a way that was typical of all hagiographies; through these his story took on a supernatural mystique, but Columba…Columban…Columbanus…Colmcille was famous in his day for his missionary work, he built monasteries in Scotland among the Picts, and also on the continent, in Frankia and Burgundia, and as far south as Lombardy.

He lived a long life and did many extraordinary things; he evangelized Europe as a Celtic Christian, setting out from Ireland with twelve companions, like Jesus with his disciples. He was accompanied by his son, Columbanus the Younger, a man known by the name of Cummain.

Some historians believe that Columbanus the Younger continued the work of his father, and that the son is responsible for all the work carried out on the continent in his father’s name, during the time at which the elder Columbanus took up his pen, becoming a prolific writer…two of Colmcille’s poems have survived

As the founder of the abbey at Iona he is credited with preserving a great storehouse of ancient writing through the dark ages, into modern times.

He is Colmcille, father of Cummain…to them belong the stories of Columba…Columban…Columbanus, they are the true patron saints of the Emerald Isle.



Observation - June 9th, 2024, Sunday

All my windows are open wide

Sunlight filtered through green-leaves

Sparrows in the maple sing

The air is cool in these last days of spring

From the neighbor’s house an infant cries




Monday, June 3, 2024

The Greatest of All Time - Hero for the Ages

Muhammad Ali is gone

he left us eight years ago

the greatest of all is gone

 

he held the world in his hands

he spoke to us,

one and all

the greatest of all lives on

 

I heard the news in the middle of the night

I awoke in the dark to hear the grim news

listening to the radio as I wept

 

Muhammad Ali,

the greatest of all

had died

 

of all the heroes I ever fell for

he was the only one truly alive

the only hero I ever prayed for

believing he could make a difference

in our lives, in the world and in our time

 

he spoke of justice,

the foundation of freedom

Ali he spoke the truth,

as a condition for love

he spoke to the world

with the same style he fought in

Ali was a poet

who fought for everyone

he spun rhythms that dazzled

with words that could hurt

pretty as a butterfly

fearsome as a bee

Ali danced…floating past us

striking with his sting

he was the great champion

            Ali bumaye

he bravely faced the powers

that govern our world

Muhammad Ali was a prophet

in our time

 

he gave us permission to brag

to be good, be bold and do right

he challenged authority…he

risked the things that he desired most

giving up titles, money, fame

he shunned war, and promoted life

he went to prison, Casius Clay

returning to with a new name

and Muhammad Ali was right

  

he handcuffed lightning and sent thunder to jail






Sunday, June 2, 2024

A Homily – The Ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year B)

First Reading - Deuteronomy 5:12-15 ©

Responsorial Psalm 80(81): 3-8, 10-11

Second Reading – 2 Corinthians 4:6-11 ©

Gospel Acclamation – John 6:63, 68

Alternate Acclamation – John 17:17

The Gospel According to Mark 2:23-3.6 ©

 

(NJB)

 

Listen!

When you read the law concerning the sabbath remember Jesus’ teaching who instructs us that the sabbath was made for the benefit of human beings and for no other purpose.

It is right and good to keep the sabbath. It is right and good to take time out of your week to reflect on the providence of the divine, to look into the faces of your spouse and children, your mother and father, your sister and brother, your employer and your employees and see the face of God…you will find God looking back at you in the eyes of the homeless, the disenfranchised, the sick and the stranger.

Give to them as you can, help them to a place of rest if you are able, facilitate their experience of grace through the love you provide to them.

Know this!

There is strength in the knowledge of God, the creator of the universe. It is right to praise God and good to rejoice in life which God brought forth from the primordial chaos, to rejoice in human life and to celebrate in your life…in all of its your uniqueness.

Consider how Jesus taught the law: love God, and demonstrate this not through words but through actions, by loving your neighbor even as you love yourself.

Do not believe in the old lies and misconstruals of the law, do not blindly accept the will of human being as representing the will of the divine.

Remember.

God does not interfere with the choices we make. What we accomplish, or fail to accomplish, happens due to the choices we make, not because God has a stake in those things. God did not rescue the Jews from Egypt, God did not give them Israel for an inheritance. They freed themselves and waged war on the land of Canaan. They took the possessions of Canaan at the point of the sword, through murder, fire and blood.

Know this.

It was not God’s will. God has no enemies.

God leads us to the knowledge of the divine in the subtle ways. Through the seed of the Word that dwells within us, which is to say: by virtue of the fact that we are created in the divine image, that we are gifted with reason so that we are able to know and understand the truth.

Meditate on the law, it is written in your heart, it is the same law that was written in Jesus’ heart:

Love God with all your strength and all your heart and all your mind, and love your neighbor as yourself…do this in fulfillment of the law.

Consider the teaching of the apostle and know that faith should not be taught as a mode of mysteries. It is not forbidden to speculate about the eternal and the invisible, but what can we know of those things, conditioned as we are by time and space. It is not the eternal and the invisible that should concern us in this life, it is the people we encounter every day, the people we can see and feel and touch.

Our eternal home is waiting for us, as it waits for all of God’s children, even as it waits for those who work against God’s will; even they are loved by God…do not reject them or turn them away, for they are also the objects of God’s love.

Do speak of the glory of God, or the glory of Jesus, or the glory of the promise. Speak instead of the ordinary and humble way of life that God calls us to.

That is the way Jesus called on us to follow.

Be mindful.

The Gospel provides many examples of where the early church began to deviate from the teaching of Jesus, as when Peter suggests that he received from Jesus a secret concerning the path to eternal life. Peter would have us believe that the purpose of believing in the gospel, of believing that Jesus is the “Holy One of God” is the key to receiving the gift of salvation.

Peter’s scheme suggests that God parcels out access to Jesus, to the truth, to the reality of life everlasting, allowing some to come to it while refusing others; this scheme is false.

Here is the gospel: God loves you, and you are saved.

You are not saved for anything that you have done, you did not earn it, you are saved because God loves you. The promise of salvation is not that you will be spared from suffering and torment in hell, or that when you are judged God will forgive you; God has already forgiven you, you are saved already.

God has prepared you, and everyone for eternal life.

Believe it!

Let the goodness of this promise flow through you, live your life as if you know that it is true…even if you doubt…especially when you doubt.

We are not called to believe in the idea that Jesus is this or that, the Holy One of God, we are called to act on the principles of his faith, his trust in divine providence, we are called to live lives of charity and service to each other, to walk humbly, do could and serve justice all the days of our lives.

Remember.

You cannot lie and serve God at one and the same time.

Consider the Gospel reading for today, it is a cautionary tale.

On the one hand today’s reading serves as an indictment of the people who plotted against Jesus, of those who desired to see an end to his ministry and who plotted his murder.

On the other hand it serves to separate the ministry of Jesus, who was himself a Pharisee, from the establishment of Pharisaic Judaism, which in the period of the early Church, had not converted to Christianity, and whose membership was extremely hostile to it.

However, the most important aspect of the narrative is that the ordinances of God, the laws and customs of the people, exist to serve humankind, not the other way around.

Jesus is a good theologian, he makes the argument first on the basis of tradition and scripture, and then on the grounds of justice.

The miracle that is described need not be taken literally; it is a metaphor, as a metaphor it serves to put the exclamation point on the rest of the narrative.

The power to heal comes from God, from God would not have granted such power in contravention of God’s law, giving the proof that Jesus has correctly interpreted the law, and that stands in divine favor.


First Reading - Deuteronomy 5:12-15 ©

Remember that You were A Servant in the Land of Egypt

The Lord says this:

 

‘Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy, as the Lord your God has commanded you. For six days you shall labour and do all your work, but the seventh day is a sabbath for the Lord your God. You shall do no work that day, neither you nor your son nor your daughter nor your servants, men or women, nor your ox nor your donkey nor any of your animals, nor the stranger who lives with you. Thus your servant, man or woman, shall rest as you do. Remember that you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the Lord your God brought you out from there with mighty hand and outstretched arm; because of this, the Lord your God has commanded you to keep the sabbath day.’

 

Responsorial Psalm 80(81): 3-8, 10-11

Solemn Renewal of the Covenant

Ring Out Your Joy to God Our Strength.

Shout with joy to God our helper,

  rejoice in the God of Jacob.

Take up the song, sound the timbrel,

  play on the lyre and the harp.

At the start of the month, sound the trumpet,

  at the full moon, at our festival.

For this is the law for Israel,

  the decree of the God of Jacob.

He gave it to Joseph, for a witness,

  when he went out of the land of Egypt;

  with words that had never been heard:

“I freed his back from burdens;

  his hands were freed from heavy loads.

In your tribulation you called on me and I freed you,

  I heard you from the heart of the storm,

  I tested you at the waters of Meribah.

Listen, my people, and I will put my case –

  Israel, if you would only hear me!

You shall not have any strange god,

  you shall not worship the gods of foreigners.

For I am the Lord, your God,

  who led you out of the land of Egypt.

  Open wide your mouth and I shall fill it.

But my people did not hear my voice:

  Israel did not turn to me.

So I let them go on in the hardness of their hearts,

  and follow their own counsels.

If my people had heard me,

  if only they had walked in my ways –

I would swiftly have crushed their enemies,

  stretched my hand over those who persecuted them.

The enemies of the Lord would be overcome with weakness,

  Israel’s would be the good fortune, for ever:

  I would feed them full of richest wheat

and give them honey from the rock,

  to their heart’s content.

 

Second Reading – 2 Corinthians 4:6-11 ©

In Our Mortal Flesh the Life of Jesus is Openly Shown

It is the same God that said, ‘Let there be light shining out of darkness’, who has shone in our minds to radiate the light of the knowledge of God’s glory, the glory on the face of Christ.

  We are only the earthenware jars that hold this treasure, to make it clear that such an overwhelming power comes from God and not from us. We are in difficulties on all sides, but never cornered; we see no answer to our problems, but never despair; we have been persecuted, but never deserted; knocked down, but never killed; always, wherever we may be, we carry with us in our body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus, too, may always be seen in our body. Indeed, while we are still alive, we are consigned to our death every day, for the sake of Jesus, so that in our mortal flesh the life of Jesus, too, may be openly shown.

 

Gospel Acclamation – John 6:63, 68

Alleluia, alleluia!

Your words are spirit, Lord, and they are life; you have the message of eternal life.

Alleluia!

 

Alternate Acclamation – John 17:17

Alleluia, alleluia!

Your word is truth, O Lord: Consecrate us in the truth.

Alleluia!

 

The Gospel According to Mark 2:23-3.6 ©

The Son of Man is Master Even of the Sabbath

One sabbath day, Jesus happened to be taking a walk through the cornfields, and his disciples began to pick ears of corn as they went along. And the Pharisees said to him, ‘Look, why are they doing something on the sabbath day that is forbidden?’ And he replied, ‘Did you never read what David did in his time of need when he and his followers were hungry – how he went into the house of God when Abiathar was high priest, and ate the loaves of offering which only the priests are allowed to eat, and how he also gave some to the men with him?’

And he said to them, ‘The sabbath was made for man, not man for the sabbath; the Son of Man is master even of the sabbath.’

He went again into a synagogue, and there was a man there who had a withered hand. And they were watching him to see if he would cure him on the sabbath day, hoping for something to use against him. He said to the man with the withered hand, ‘Stand up out in the middle!’ Then he said to them, ‘Is it against the law on the sabbath day to do good, or to do evil; to save life, or to kill?’ But they said nothing. Then, grieved to find them so obstinate, he looked angrily round at them, and said to the man, ‘Stretch out your hand.’ He stretched it out and his hand was better. The Pharisees went out and at once began to plot with the Herodians against him, discussing how to destroy him.

 

A Homily – The Ninth Sunday in Ordinary Time (Year B)

 


Saturday, June 1, 2024

The Feast of Saint Justin the Martyr, Christian Philosopher

Today is the feast of Saint Justin the Martyr, a Christian philosopher from the second century, who was put to death, together with his students, at the very beginning of the Christian era, around the year 165 CE.

 Few of his writings have survived, but the work we do have demonstrates the broad influence Saint Justin had in shaping our understanding of Jesus as the second person of the trinity, the Son of God, an incarnation of the divine logos.

 Justin established the theology that Jesus of Nazareth, Joshua bin Joseph, was the embodied manifestation of God’s rational aspect, the principle of divine reason alive in the world.

 His work established the notion that all people carry a seed of the Word within them, insofar as all people are created in the divine image and share in the being of God. This doctrine is referred to as the Logos Spermatikos and it stands in stark distinction to the much more pessimistic theology of Saint Augustine of Hippo developed three hundred and fifty years later, at the beginning of the Church’s imperial era.[1]

 Justin’s theology of suggests that when God breathed life into Adam, God imparted to his creature God’s own self, like a seed of the divine, planting within Adam and the descendants of Adam (humanity writ large) a yearning for the truth and the ability to become transformed in our encounter with the truth, through the agency of the divine logos, making humankind into the creatures that Aristotle referred to as “the rational animal,” unlike every other species of animal on Earth.

 Justin taught that the divine is indivisible.

 In other words: he taught that where God exists, God exists fully, and that human beings, who bear a seed of the word within themselves, must therefore bear the fullness of God within themselves.

 Justin held to the nations that by Adam’s sin our connection to the divine within us became corrupted, occluding our experience of grace causing the seed within us to go dormant, like grain buried in a dry field. The reality of sin functions as an existential barrier cutting us off from our inherent potential and the ability to live our lives in the fullness of God’s promise. Sin undermines our capacity to understand the truth, perceive beauty and do good, it interferes with our desire for justice and capacity for mercy. Sin does not obviate our connection to the divine, rather, it enters a stage of latency.

 Justin taught that the water of baptism is to the divine dormant seed with us, lying dormant, what ordinary water is to ordinary seed, it actuates our potential. Baptism confers grace, and the real presence of God, which had always been there, germinates within us.



[1] Augustine devised the doctrine of original sin, arguing that humanity does not share in the being of God (individually or corporately) because we are created ex nihilo, out of nothing.